@article{oai:kyotogakuen.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001283,
 author = {Bird, Paul},
 issue = {1},
 month = {2012-09},
 note = {The purpose of this article is to explore how hard-boiled fiction came to be established as a genre. In the early part of the 20th century, popular fiction was widely distributed in inexpensive, so-called ‘pulp’ magazines, Black Mask being one of the most notable. Some of the key players and their roles so instrumental to the development of the genre will be examined, in particular Black Mask’s then editor, Joseph T. Shaw. Furthermore, the codification and nature of the rules (or ‘conventions’) of the genre will be examined, as will the implications and consequences of establishing these rules on hard-boiled writing as a genre.},
 pages = {51--65},
 title = {Writing Crime: Black Mask and the Conventions of 1920s -1930s Hard-Boiled Fiction},
 volume = {22},
 year = {}
}